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N. Kozhemyako in Kirgizia, N. G. Gorbunova in Fergana, B. A. Litvinsky in Tadzhikistan, M. A. Itina in Khorezm, etc. CLASSIFICATION OF SITES AND PRIMARY FEATURES 19 The relative chronology of each type was defined on the basis of: 1) stratigraphic evidence of cemeteries and settlements; 2) series exhibiting continuity of typological development; 3) type co-occurrence; and 4) synchronization with stages of other cultures according to imports in closed complexes and assessment of the absolute age of every site within the single long chronological system developed for the steppes by S.

This can be argued on the basis of: 1) their stratigraphic position below the Final Bronze Age layer on settlements; 2) Fedorovo pottery in a Karasuk grave (Ust’-Erba); they correlate with a later intrusive grave or added fences: Karasuk (Orak, probably Kytmanovo), Elovka-Irmen (Elovka, Elunino), and the Early Iron Age, with knives of 8th–7th centuries BC (Zevakino) that serve as a terminus ante quem for Fedorovo; 3) metal objects that represent a Fedorovo development in technology (high-tin bronzes, cast in bi- and tri-valve molds), and types with analogies in the Karasuk culture and Final Bronze Age hoards: knives with a rhomboid crosssection, with a ridge or linear rib (Zevakino, Elovka), single-bladed knives (Elovka; Fig.

That is why the historical interpretation of an archaeological culture (unity) and its ethnic attribution can be based only on the analysis of material culture and an investigation of spiritual culture cannot be the initial stage in the creation of an ethnic hypothesis. As the decisive component of an ethnic culture is realized in language unity, ethnic attribution is impossible without systematic and complex usage of philological data alongside archaeological and ethnographic materials. To this may be added folk traditions of modern ethnic groups which convey the cultural traditions of their former linguistic groups.