By Hartmut Dunkelberg, Thomas Gebel, Andrea Hartwig
Content material:
Chapter 1 diet A und Carotinoide (pages 1–26): Prof. Dr. Heinz Nau and Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Stahl
Chapter 2 nutrition D (pages 27–35): Prof. Dr. Hans Konrad Biesalski
Chapter three nutrition E (pages 37–67): Prof. Dr. Regina Brigelius‐Flohé
Chapter four Ascorbat (pages 69–99): Dr. Regine Heller
Chapter five Folsäure (pages 101–128): Prof. Dr. Andreas Hahn and Dr. Maike Wolters
Chapter 6 Kupfer (pages 129–168): Dr. Björn Zietz
Chapter 7 Eisen (pages 169–219): Dr. Thomas Ettle, Prof. Dr. Bernd Elsenhans and Prof. Dr. Klaus Schümann
Chapter eight Fluorid (pages 221–242): Prof. Dr. Thomas Gebel
Chapter nine Selen (pages 243–286): Dr. Lutz Schomburg and Prof. Dr. Josef Köhrle
Chapter 10 Zink (pages 287–305): Prof. Dr. Andrea Hartwig
Chapter eleven Mangan (pages 307–323): Prof. Dr. Christian Steffen and Barbara Stommel
Chapter 12 Molybdän (pages 325–374): Manfred Anke
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Extra resources for Vitamine und Spurenelemente: Bedarf, Mangel, Hypervitaminosen und Nahrungsergänzung
Sample text
Stahl W, van den Berg H, Arthur J, Bast A, Dainty J, Faulks RM, Gärtner C, Haenen G, Hollman P, Holst B, Kelly FJ, Polidori MC, Rice-Evans C, Southon S, van Vliet T, Vina-Ribes J, Williamson G, Astley S (2002) Bioavailability, Mol Asp Med 23: 39–100. Stahl W, Schwarz W, Sundquist AR, Sies H (1992) cis-trans Isomers of lycopene 25 26 1 Vitamin A und Carotinoide 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 and b-carotene in human serum and tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys 294: 173–177. Tang G, Russell RM (2004) Bioequivalence of provitamin A carotenoids, Carotenoids in Health and Disease (Krinsky NI, Mayne ST, Sies H, eds), Marcel Dekker, Basel, (CH) 279–294.
Es liegen hier zwar keine kontrollierten Studien vor, jedoch lässt sich sowohl auf der Grundlage der Pathomechanismen als auch aufgrund anekdotischer Berichte eine solche Annahme machen. Berichte von Forschern in der Arktis, die Eisbärenleber verzehrt hatten und unter qualvollen Umständen verstarben, sind immer wieder im Zusammenhang mit Vitamin A diskutiert worden. Die Vitamin A-Konzentration in der Leber von Eisbären ist jedoch insbesondere in den Verzehrsmengen, die überliefert sind, keinesfalls so hoch, dass sie die beschriebenen schweren Symptome über lange Zeit hervorgerufen hätte.
2 LOAEL Der LOAEL wird über das Auftreten der Hyperkalzämie (> 2,75 nmol/L oder 11 mg/dL) errechnet. Diese tritt ein, wenn eine Dosis von mehr als 95 lg bei gesunden Erwachsenen über drei Monate zugeführt wird. Analog konnte bei Erwachsenen ein NOAEL oder LOAEL (lowest adverse effect level) mit 60 lg bestimmt werden, bei dem zwar ein Anstieg des Serumcalciums messbar war, allerdings innerhalb des Normalbereiches. Untersuchungen aus jüngerer Zeit haben jedoch ergeben, dass auch bei höheren Dosierungen von 100 lg/d über sechs Monate keine kritische Calciumkonzentration im Serum auftrat.