By Benjamin Reilly
A learn of how within which the democratizing states of Asia and the Pacific have controlled political switch, with specific concentrate on leading edge reforms to democratic associations resembling electoral platforms, political events and government governments.
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Additional info for Democracy and Diversity: Political Engineering in the Asia - Pacific (Oxford Studies in Democratization)
Sample text
With independence, many of these same states faced new conflicts stemming not from the impacts of external colonizers, but from their own internal diversity. As a result, some of the bloodiest and most persistent episodes of violence in the region have been conflicts between central governments and peripheral regions in which ethnic minorities are concentrated. The range of internal conflicts currently afflicting Indonesia is a case in point. By population the world’s fourth-largest state 19 See Tatu Vanhanen, Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries (London and New York: Routledge, 1997); Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy; Lawrence LeDuc, Richard G.
Micronesia is more diverse, in large part because of the varying influences of colonial rule and migration, but again tend to be characterized by broadly similar cultural practices and identities. 26 A similar micro-ethnic social structure exists in the neighbouring Solomon Islands, which also faces broader regional divisions between the main island groups of Malaita and Guadalcanal that provided the basis for the disastrous internal conflict of 2000–03. Likewise, Fiji is split between indigenous Fijian and Indo-Fijian communities, both of which are themselves internally divided, while Melanesia’s other independent state, Vanuatu, is both linguistically diverse and also divided along an overarching AnglophoneFrancophone language fissure, the legacy of its colonial status as a joint Anglo-French condominium.
At the end of the Second World War, independent and nominally democratic regimes were installed in post-colonial Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore as well as in Japan. With the exception of Japan, all of these new states were ethnically diverse; by 1972 all of them, Japan again excepted, had also fallen under some form of non-democratic rule. In each case, the adverse consequences of social diversity on competitive electoral politics provides part of the explanation for the shift towards autocracy and the failure of democracy.