By Sinclair, T. R., Sinclair, C. J. (Eds.)
This e-book examines grain construction and processing in numerous early agricultural societies in addition to the technological advances in Western societies. The publication is prepared into 3 components. the 1st half (chapters 2-6) examines history details and discusses the fundamentals of cropping and nutrients construction that needed to be resolved by means of all societies. half II (chapters 7-11) is an exam of foodstuff construction through the Golden Age of 5 historical societies (the Sumerians, Egyptians, chinese language, Mayans, and the Bantu of Africa) that developed more-or-less independently, each one with certain agricultural practices. themes mentioned comprise the environmental stipulations that existed to permit considerable crop construction, the know-how that used to be utilized in becoming the plants, and the tools utilized in baking and brewing through the Golden Age of every society. half III (chapters 12-16) examines a succession of western societies which mirrored a development in expanding crop construction expertise. It considers the Golden a long time of 5 societies during this series: Athenian and Roman Empires, feudal Europeans, British, and american citizens. An epilogue discusses the way forward for grain fermentation. on hand In Print
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Extra resources for Bread, beer and the seeds of change: Agriculture's imprint on world history
Example text
Of course, the discoverers had no concept of the microbial activity, even though this discovery became the essential biochemical process in preparing grains for beer and bread. The action of 28 Bread, Beer and the Seeds of Change yeast is fairly fast, and if a gruel mixture is kept warm and allowed to stand for as little as 24 hours there could be a noticeable production of ethanol. Heated millet, for example, releases a fairly large amount of sugar, and the alcohol content might reach one or two percent in the first day.
Until very recent times, the main source of nitrogen for crops was from organic matter either in the soil as plant residue, or added as animal manure. Soil microbes metabolize these various sources of organic matter and eventually release the nitrogen into the soil in chemical forms that can be readily taken up by plant roots. Until very recent times when manufactured nitrogen fertilizer became available, providing organic sources of nitrogen for cropping was a critical factor in sustaining cropping.
Hence, enough sugar is usually directly available from grinding of the wheat grain so special procedures to increase dough’s sugar content are not essential. The critical condition to obtain leavened dough is that gas movement in the dough must be limited. Oxygen movement into the dough must be restricted so that anaerobic conditions develop within the dough. In this anaerobic environment, yeast initiates fermentation resulting in the release of carbon dioxide into the dough. The carbon dioxide gas trapped in the dough causes the dough to rise.