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The Tragicomedy of Classical Thermodynamics: Course Held at by Clifford Truesdell (auth.)

By Clifford Truesdell (auth.)

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In this third fundamental paper, published in 1862, CLAUSIUS threw in the red herring of probability's having some necessary role in thermodynamics. He did not state what it was that had to be probable or improbable, let alone specify any mathematical probability. The passage seems to be no more than an excuse for refusing to face the physical phenomena that lift thermodynamics above triviality : the conduction of heat, deformation, internal friction of bodies, and diffusion in a mixture. CLAUSIUS introduced a function he called the "digregation", the value of which he regarded as a measure of "the degree in which the molecules of the body are dispersed", but no molecules, let alone any "dispersion" of them, entered his mathematical theory, so this was merely a second red herring.

That is, there exists a function T(v, 6) such that (8) holds. What CLAUSIUS really needed to prove from his thermodynamic axiom was that T did not depend upon v. I cannot see that he did so. However, if we grant this fact, we can follow CLAUSIUS in his subsequent steps. 11) Thus CLAUSIUS obtained what had been CLAPEYRON's effective axiom. I have said that CLAUSIUS abandoned CLAPEYRON's lead andresorted to verbal and obscure reasons so as to get his formula for A, but that he need not have done so.

As CLAUSIUS strayed further and further from the tradition of rational mechanics, his presentation became more and more pompous and riddling. The ratio of words and claims and imprecise hedging and prohibitions to positive statements capable of being put to use to correlate phenomena by mathematical theory became larger and larger, but in this paper it was not yet infinite. CLAUSIUS did add here the last concept classical thermodynamics provided for the basis of modem thermodynamics. This was the realization, still dim and imperfectly as well as incompletely expressed, that if thermodynamics were to describe irreversible processes a new quantity had to be introduced, a quantity not generally represented as a function of the parameters that describe the body adequately in equilibrium, and that the time rate-of-change of this quantity was subject to an inequality.

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