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Extra resources for WJEC A2 Biology Student Unit Guide: Unit BY4: Metabolism, Microbiology and Homeostasis
Example text
The effect of the pump is multiplied due to ions being constantly removed from the filtrate in the ascending limb and being replaced as the filtrate flows through the proximal convoluted tubule and the descending limb. 48 WJEC A2 Biology Excretion The reabsorption of water As the filtrate enters the distal convoluted tubule it has a higher water potential than the tissues of the medulla. As the filtrate moves down the collecting duct it once again meets tissue fluid with a lower water potential as a result of the pumping of solutes from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
Try to build up a flow diagram in stages: Stage 1: the organic triangle (in black) Stage 2: add the inorganic loop (in blue) Stage 3: add in the names of the processes involved Stage 4: add the names of the bacteria involved Stage 5: add atmospheric nitrogen (in red); name the processes involved and give the names of the bacteria 40 Atmospheric nitrogen N2 4a 3 Uptake Nitrates NO–3 Proteins in producers Consume and digest Death and decay 2b 2a Death and decay Animal waste Saprophytic bacteria Nitrites NO–2 4b Proteins in consumers Ammonium ion NH+4 1 Figure 39 The importance of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle WJEC A2 Biology Excretion ( 4) Nitrogen fixation — nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium ions.
E. become more dilute) and higher water potential. l At the apex of the loop (4) the filtrate reaches a maximum ion concentration. The loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent-multiplier system. Countercurrrent refers to the fact that the filtrate flows in opposite directions in the loop, down the descending limb and up the ascending limb. The multiplier effect refers to the generation of the solute gradient (and therefore a water potential gradient) in the medulla. This gradient is caused by ions being pumped out of the ascending limb.