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Koning HINDAS (High- and Intermediate-energy Nuclear Data for Accelerator-driven Systems) was a joint European effort, which gathered essentially all European competence on nuclear data for transmutation in the 20-2000 MeV range during 2000–2003. Similar activities were undertaken in the USA and Japan, to a large extent complementing experiments on the same nuclear reactions. Since the completion of the HINDAS project, the newly produced high-energy nuclear data for ADS have to a large degree been follow-up experiments with the same setups.

For shielding materials, this situation is generally better because of the fusion-related effort of nuclear data up to 14 MeV. ADS also Neutron Physics Research for the Development of Accelerator-Driven Systems 33 requires nuclear data for materials that have been somewhat neglected, notably Pb and Bi, because they have, so far, never fitted into any serious applied research program. For ADS systems, there is an obvious need for nuclear data beyond 20 MeV. The actual provision of these intermediate energy nuclear data to the users is now also developing rapidly.

Above 20 MeV, such techniques are completely useless. ). In addition, at these energies many particle-production channels are available. Thereby, a collimator can sometimes produce almost as many particles as it removes. The bottom line of this discussion is that in most cases detectors without front collimation is the preferred choice. This is often referred to as ”naked” detectors, which is a truth with qualification. Often the detectors have very heavy sheilding at the sides and back to protect them from ambient room background.