By Ali Hajimiri
It is hardly ever a revelation to notice that instant and cellular communications have grown enormously over the past few years. This development has positioned stringent requi- ments on channel spacing and, through implication, at the part noise of oscillators. C- pounding the problem has been a up to date force towards implementations of transceivers in CMOS, whose inferior 1/f noise functionality has frequently been suggestion to disqualify it from use in all however the lowest-performance oscillators. Low noise oscillators also are hugely wanted within the electronic global, in fact. The c- tinued force towards larger clock frequencies interprets right into a call for for ev- lowering jitter. basically, there's a desire for a deep figuring out of the basic mechanisms g- erning the method in which gadget, substrate, and provide noise develop into jitter and section noise. present types as a rule provide basically qualitative insights, although, and it has no longer consistently been transparent why they aren't quantitatively correct.
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Additional resources for The Design of Low Noise Oscillators
Sample text
2 Response to Sinusoidal Input The response of an oscillator to small sinusoidal perturbations provides valuable information about the effect of noise at various frequencies, and is therefore investigated in this section. 11. The following subsections examine these two processes in detail. 1 Perturbation Current-to-Phase Transformation To investigate the effect of low frequency perturbations on the oscillator phase, a low frequency sinusoidal perturbation current, i(t), is injected into the oscillator at a frequency of where is the amplitude of i(t).
5, for a small area of the current impulse (injected charge), the resultant phase shift is proportional to the voltage change, and hence to the injected charge, Therefore, can be written as 1. 3 is not necessarily equal to the phase, because the state of the system does not necessarily traverse the limit cycle with constant “angular velocity”. More discussion on this distinction will appear in CHAPTER 7. 34 The Design of Low Noise Oscillators Impulse Response Model for Excess Phase where is the voltage swing across the capacitor and is the maximum charge swing.
18. 19. 13). The second experiment examines the linearity of the current-to-phase conversion. A sinusoidal current is injected at frequencies and and the sideband powers at are measured as the magnitude of the injected current is varied. 3dB), in complete accordance with the theory. 20. 13). 8dB/decade. The predicted slope Time-Variant Phase Noise Model 47 Time-Variant Phase Noise Model is 20dB/decade because the excess phase, is proportional to i(t) and hence the sideband power is proportional to leading to a 20dB/decade slope.