By Ludwig W. Adamec
There is either cohesion and diversity within the Islamic global. Muslims usually are not a homogeneous those who could be defined exclusively by way of their normative texts: the Koran and the Sunnah. Muslims fluctuate drastically of their interpretation of Islam: modernists are looking to reinterpret Islam to evolve to the necessities of contemporary instances whereas traditionalists are inclined to glance to the classical and medieval sessions of Islam as their version of the Islamic state.
The A to Z of Islam offers a concise evaluation of Islamic historical past, faith, philosophy, and Islamic political routine. this is often performed via a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and cross-referenced dictionary entries, which come with the biographies and recommendations of medieval thinkers, in addition to these of contemporary individuals of the spiritual and political institutions. Articles describe the main sects, colleges of theology, and jurisprudence, in addition to points of Islamic tradition. jointly, this ebook represents a short advent to...
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Both Talhah and Zubayr were killed, and ‘A’ishah was returned to Medina to resign herself to a life of seclusion. Mu’awiyah, the governor of Syria and a relative of ‘Uthman, was next to challenge ‘Ali’s authority. He refused to swear allegiance to ‘Ali and demanded that he first avenge the murder of ‘Uthman. The two armies met in the Battle of Siffin (657). ‘Ali’s forces were about to gain the upper hand, when the Syrians appealed for arbitration and an end of the bloodshed. There was great reluctance among the soldiers to fight fellow Muslims.
S. government mobilizes forces for action against the Taliban. 7 October: American and British aircraft attack Taliban and al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan. 22 December: Afghan Interim Government begins its tenure. 2002 11 January: The first contingent of Taliban/al-Qaeda prisoners arrives at the American base at Guantanamo (Cuba). 13 August: Iranian President Muhammad Khatami makes an official visit to Kabul. 4 September: Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Afghan jihadist, proclaims jihad against American forces.
22 December: Afghan Interim Government begins its tenure. 2002 11 January: The first contingent of Taliban/al-Qaeda prisoners arrives at the American base at Guantanamo (Cuba). 13 August: Iranian President Muhammad Khatami makes an official visit to Kabul. 4 September: Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Afghan jihadist, proclaims jihad against American forces. 12 October: Muslim radicals are blamed for a series of bombings, including at a night club in Bali in which 202 people are killed. 2003 17 February: Mulla Muhammad Umar calls for Afghans to join in holy war against Washington.