By Ahmet T. Kuru
Why do secular states pursue diverse rules towards faith? This ebook presents a generalizable argument in regards to the impression of ideological struggles at the public coverage making approach, in addition to a state-religion regimes index of 197 nations. extra particularly, it analyzes why American kingdom regulations are mostly tolerant of faith, while French and Turkish rules regularly restrict its public visibility, as noticeable of their bans on Muslim headscarves. within the usa, the dominant ideology is "passive secularism," which calls for the nation to play a passive function, via permitting public visibility of faith. Dominant ideology in France and Turkey is "assertive secularism," which calls for that the nation play an assertive position in apart from faith from the general public sphere. Passive and assertive secularism turned dominant in those instances via definite ancient approaches, quite the presence or absence of an ancien régime according to the wedding among monarchy and hegemonic faith in the course of state-building classes.
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Extra resources for Secularism and State Policies toward Religion: The United States, France, and Turkey
Sample text
Dependent and Independent Variables Analyzing Secularism: History, Ideology, and Policy 15 Alternative Theories: Modernization, Civilization, and Rational Choice Modernization theory, civilizational approach, and rational-choice theory are three important theories that scholars refer to while analyzing religion and politics. Modernization theory has different versions. 24 They offer important insights for the analysis of the historical ruptures in the United States, France, and Turkey through secular state building.
58 I specify this broad point by examining religions’ political relations during the state-building period, which is generally the critical juncture that creates a path dependence concerning state-religion interactions. In certain cases, modern state building defines an ancien régime based on the marriage between the old monarchy and religious hegemony, which is perceived by the progressive elite as a barrier against the new republican regime. The main product of an ancien régime is the anticlerical (or antireligious) movement against it.
79 Lyon and Die 2000; Monsma and Soper 1997, 87–120. 80 Capoccia and Kelemen 2007, 341. 76 77 28 Secularism and State Policies toward Religion War (1870–1871), and the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922). Moreover, in all cases, there existed powerful agents, ideological groups, that were willing and able to form the new order during the structural crisis. When the new system becomes consolidated, it creates a path dependence. 83 In my analysis they range from one and a half decades in the United States and Turkey to three decades in France.