By Michael G. Levitzky
Study and comprehend crucial suggestions instead of simply memorize evidence Concise, but whole, Pulmonary body structure 7e offers scholars with a great history within the components of pulmonary body structure crucial for an figuring out of scientific medication. The figures, key options, tables, and appendices summarize the fabric within the e-book and supply a very good overview for the USMLE Step 1.
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Extra resources for Pulmonary Physiology (Lange Physiology)
Sample text
Alveolar elastic recoil is also important in opposing dynamic compression of the airways because of its role in the 40 / CHAPTER 2 traction of the alveolar septa on small airways, as shown in Figure 2–18. The effects of alveolar elastic recoil on airflow during a forced expiration are illustrated in Figure 2–20. Assessment of Airways Resistance The resistance to airflow cannot be measured directly but must be calculated from the pressure gradient and airflow during a breath: ⌬P R ϭ ᎏ˙ᎏ V PA Ϫ Ppl (ϭ Pel) This formula is an approximation because it presumes that all airflow is laminar, which is not true.
Pulmonary surfactant appears to be continuously produced in the lung, but it is also continuously used up in or cleared from the lung. Some pulmonary surfactant is taken back into 28 / CHAPTER 2 the type II cells (reuptake), where it is recycled and secreted again, or it is degraded and used to synthesize other phospholipids. Other surfactant is cleared from the alveoli by alveolar macrophages, absorption into the lymphatics, or migration up to the small airways and the mucociliary escalator (see Chapter 10).
The demonstration of the large role of surface tension forces in the recoil pressure of the lung led to consideration of how surface tension affects the alveoli. One traditional way of thinking about this has been to consider the alveolus to be a sphere T Resolved direction of tension P T T T ϰ Pr Figure 2–9. Relationship between the pressure inside a distensible sphere, such as an alveolus, and its wall tension. MECHANICS OF BREATHING / 25 hanging from the airway, as in Figure 2–9. The relationship between the pressure inside the alveolus and the wall tension of the alveolus would then be given by Laplace’s law (units in parentheses).