By D Keats
Versatility, velocity and occasional rate make wet-stick welding an enticing procedure to be used in underwater fix and building. This education handbook and reference ebook comprises step by step methods for acting simple guide steel arc welding operations.
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Additional info for Professional Diver's Manual on Wet-Welding
Example text
However, there is no BS specification for wet-stick welding electrodes, these will usually be sold under a trade name, but will either be ferritic or nickel based. e) The position is usually indicated by abbreviations (F) for fillet welds and (G) for butt welds. For fillet welds refer to Chapter 5. Butt welds are not covered in this publication. f ) Most approval tests will group the thickness of a material so the welder is approved on more than just one thickness. g) Although there are a number of different types of joints this manual only deals with fillet welds on T or corner joints and this will be your most common joint type on any tests.
If the electrode is too close, the bubble will collapse around the weld and destroy the possibility of producing an acceptable weld. In general, the voltage in underwater welding needs to be higher to strike the arc, than it does to maintain the arc. The amperage grows as the voltage decreases, after the arc has been established. Since voltage drop depends upon the electrical resistance of the arc gap, arc length, and chemical composition surrounding the arc, electrical field strength in the underwater arc increases with increasing current.
The reflecting efficiency will depend on the size and orientation of the defect. A skilled technician can thus interpret the position, and even the sue and type of the defect, and decide whether the defect has been caused by a weld defect or whether the ultrasonic beam is simply reflecting from a joint surface. DEFECT PROBE \ SOUND PULSE/ OSCILLOSCOPE Radiographic inspection Radiography depends on the image left on film, taken by X or gamma rays which are able to penetrate the weld. As illustrated, a greater intensity of radiation penetrates at locations of flaws.