By Martin Ingrouille
Introducing scholars to the basic options of botany, plant technology, plant ecology and plant evolutionary biology, this booklet makes use of well-defined technical phrases and large examples. It describes the evolution of land vegetation and algae on the subject of environmental switch and examines their biochemical, physiological and morphological variations to differing environments. Chapters on plant phone features, new classifications and the topical factor of plant exploitation are integrated.
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Example text
The cytoskeleton is involved in many aspects of cell movement and growth, for example directing vesicles towards the growing cell wall and aligning the growing cellulose microfibrils. Microtubules about 24 nm wide are built up from the protein tubulin in a helical structure at special places in the cytoplasm called microtubule organising centres. Sometimes microtubules are associated with contractile actin filaments 5--7 nm wide. Perhaps the most important role of the cytoskeleton is in cell division.
Life cycles. between haploid and diploid multicellular individuals, often termed an alternation of generations. It is really a difference between when mitotic cell divisions take place, between meiosis and fertilisation only, fertilisation and meiosis only, or both. All these patterns are present in the algae. The haplobiontic life cycle is more common in the green algae and is exhibited by Chara and Oedogonium for example. The green alga Ulva is haplodiplobiontic. The brown algae such as Laminaria and Desmarestia also exhibit an alternation of generations.
By oxidising hydrogen sulphide they produce sulphur and release electrons and hydrogen ions. Green sulphur bacteria probably evolved in deep water where light levels are low and filtered by the organisms above, and where reduced sulphur compounds are also available. They have exceptionally large antenna arrays of 1000--1500 bacteriochlorophyll c molecules to each bacteriochlorophyll a molecule at the reaction centre. The pigments are packed into vesicles called chlorosomes attached to the cytoplasmic membrane.