By James P. Ryan, Michael B. Wang
Those "500 questions, solutions, and clarification" books are designed to simulate the U.S. clinical Licensing exam (USMLE) Step 1. each one is authored via knowledgeable within the box and has been reviewed via scholars who've lately handed the examination. As Step 1 is changing into a growing number of medical in nature, whilst appropriate, scientific vignette-style questions requiring a two-step reasoning approach also are integrated. all the Pretest titles contain a "high-yield" truth part to enhance key strategies.
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Additional info for Physiology: PreTest Self-Assessment and Review
Sample text
Periodic hyperkalemic paralysis is characterized by high potassium concentration and muscle weakness. Which of the following is likely to cause muscle weakness as a result of increased extracellular potassium concentration? a. b. c. d. e. Hyperpolarization of muscle cells Inactivation of sodium channels in muscle cells Increased release of neurotransmitters from alpha motoneurons Decreased potassium conductance in muscle cells Increased duration of action potentials produced by alpha motoneurons 22.
The action potential is propagated and results in a muscle twitch. 13. The answer is c. ) The upstroke of the action potential is caused by an inward flow of sodium ions, and therefore its magnitude depends on the extracellular sodium concentration. An action potential is normally an all-or-none response; that is, its magnitude is independent of the stimulus strength. The magnitude of the action potential is reduced during the relative refractory period or when the membrane is depolarized by an abnormally high extracellular potassium concentration.
E. Increasing extracellular Na+ Increasing extracellular K+ Decreasing extracellular Cl2− Decreasing extracellular Ca2+ Decreasing extracellular H+ 6. The resting potential of a nerve membrane is primarily dependent on the concentration gradient of a. b. c. d. e. Potassium Sodium Calcium Chloride Bicarbonate 7. The diagram below illustrates the concentration of a substance in two chambers. If the concentration of the substance in chamber A doubles, the diffusion of the substance will change from 10 mg/ h to a.