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Physiological pharmaceutics: barriers to drug absorption by Neena Washington

By Neena Washington

In recent times, the emphasis in drug improvement has been the layout of latest supply platforms instead of new medications. it's the target of cutting edge pharmaceutical scientists to layout the hot dosage varieties to beat the body's barrier mechanisms that have particularly advanced to exclude international material.

This ebook offers an built-in method of the examine of drug formula within the physique with the emphasis at the formula variables instead of the medicine. The hyperlink among body structure and pharmaceutics is gifted to offer an important heritage of organic rules for the drugstore pupil, pharmaceutical formulator and medical professional. advanced mathematical points of actual chemistry were refrained from to facilitate figuring out, allowing the reader to be aware of how the organic atmosphere impacts the functionality of the medicine and dosage varieties. because the majority of substances are administered through the oral course a wide share of the publication is dedicated to the gastrointestinal tract and the difference within the skill for drug absorption which happens alongside its size. Transdermal, ocular, pulmonary and nasal drug supply are mentioned intimately. New chapters within the booklet contain 'Vaginal drug delivery', the 'Blood mind barrier' and 'Parenteral drug delivery'.

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Formulation considerations We have already noted that intravenous formulations must be sterile in order to avoid causing an infection. The preferred method of achieving this is by terminal sterilization using an autoclave, but this may not be possible if the formulation is heat sensitive. 22 µm filter which removes all bacteria and spores, or in some cases it may be possible to sterilize using gamma radiation. If all else fails, the formulation can be prepared in a fully aseptic environment, but this is extremely expensive.

Fluorocarbons are inert water-immiscible oils which dissolve large quantities of respiratory gases; a well-known demonstration by Clark (1966)13 showed a hamster breathing while submerged in liquid perfluorodecalin. There have been a number of attempts to develop water-miscible fluorocarbon emulsions which could be used as blood substitutes, of which the Green Cross Fluosol® and the Alliance Oxygen® are the most well-known. The possibility of developing a large-volume blood replacement with this technology seems remote due to the extensive immunological problems which may ensue, coupled with the reticuloendothelial load involved in clearing the emulsion; however 26 Physiological Pharmaceutics a number of indications for smaller doses, such as myocardial oxygenation during coronary angioplasty, show some promise.

Its most important property is its viscoelasticity, which enables it to act as a locally rigid mechanical barrier which can flow under the influence of peristalsis. The primary component of mucus is a large polysaccharide called mucin built up in subunits of 500,000 Daltons or larger. It consists of a protein backbone approximately 800 amino acids long, rich in serine and threonine, which are hydroxylated amino acids. Most of the hydroxyresidues are linked to oligosaccharide side chains which serve to stiffen the backbone, and 18 Physiological Pharmaceutics which carry an extensive layer of water of hydration.

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