By Ernst Gellhorn
Physiological Foundations of Neurology and Psychiatry used to be first released in 1953. The findings of Dr. Gellhorn's broad and important learn at the body structure of the significant frightened method shape the root of the dialogue during this quantity. Reference is usually made to the applicability of this laboratory event to medical in addition to different fields. An try has been made to combine the medical and experimental literature with the dialogue, to provide an up to date photo of the issues concerned and to point the probabilities for destiny research. themes of curiosity to physiologists, endocrinologists, internists, neurologists and neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, and medical psychologists are mentioned. a big point of the author's paintings involved convinced contemporary exams which exhibit an altered reactivity of autonomic facilities within the psychotic situation. His interpretation of the importance of those exams for a physiologically orientated remedy of practical psychoses is released the following for the 1st time. The physiological results truly produced within the imperative worried approach via "shock" remedy and carbon dioxide treatment are analyzed. different sections supply attention to a few of the important operating mechanisms of the neuron, to the standards making a choice on activities and convulsions, to the pathophysiology of cortical lesions, to a few elements of autonomic body structure, and to the matter of realization. an incredible part bargains with integrative features of the fearful approach - these serious about emotion, the conditioning technique because the foundation of habit, and homeostasis.
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Example text
F The time interval between the onset of stimulation and the beginning of response. 16 Factors Regulating Neuronal Activity TABLE 1. 4 Frequency per Second 33 53 83 Number of Units Responding .. 0 0 2 .. 5 0 2 3 4 5 .. 6 0 5 5 5 2 6 4 .. 3 .. .. 1 .. 6 30 .. 5 33 .. 9 12 34 53 .. 7 28 .. .. 1 .. 6 7 .. 5 10 .. 9 7 12 12 .. 7 8 .. .. 7 102 0 5 7 7 8 8 0 36 51 51 51 54 0 9 10 10 11 13 * The experiment was performed on a macaque in "Dial" anesthesia. 7 ms. duration. quency of discharge (Fig. 2) (512).
Since the summation time f decreases in both forms of increased stimulation, the discharges appear with a decreasing latency, and this factor in conjunction with the recruitment of more neurons accounts largely for the increased tension of the muscles. Apparently the gradation of muscle strength is achieved in the same manner in such divergent processes as the contraction of the respiratory muscles under the influence of hypercapnia, asphyxia, or stimulation of the medullary inspiratory center, and the activation of the skeletal muscles through electrical stimulation of the motor cortex.
Obviously recruitment and the rate of discharge are the mechanisms by which the motor effect is graded in the autonomic nervous system. As in the somatic nervous system, the threshold varies considerably for different effector neurons. Simultaneous recordings of the blood pressure and of the discharge in the inferior cardiac nerve show clearly the functional significance of the changes in sympathetic potentials. If the hypothalamus is stimulated with increasing intensity, the neurons discharge in increasing numbers and with increasing frequency, while the pressor action on the blood pressure is augmented (Fig.