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Nobel Lectures in Physiology or Medicine 2006-2010 by Goran K Hansson

By Goran K Hansson

Body structure or medication used to be the 3rd prize sector Alfred Nobel pointed out in his will. Nobel had an energetic curiosity in clinical learn. He got here into touch with Swedish physiologist Jöns Johansson via Karolinska Institute round 1890. Johansson labored for a short interval in Nobel's laboratory in Sevran, France throughout the related yr. The Nobel Prize in body structure or drugs is presented via the Nobel meeting at Karolinska Institute. This quantity is a set of the Nobel lectures introduced by way of the Nobel Laureates, including their biographies and the presentation speeches for the interval 2006– 2010.

checklist of Laureates and their award citations:

(2006) Andrew Z Fire and Craig C Mello — for his or her discovery of RNA interference-gene silencing through double-stranded RNA;
(2007) Mario R Capecchi, Martin J Evans and Oliver Smithies — for his or her discoveries of ideas for introducing particular gene variations in mice by way of embryonic stem cells;
(2008) Harald zur Hausen — for his discovery of human papilloma viruses inflicting cervical melanoma, and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier — for his or her discovery of human immunodeficiency virus;
(2009) Elizabeth H Blackburn, Carol W Greider and Jack W Szostak — for the invention of ways chromosomes are safe by way of telomeres and the enzyme telomerase;
(2010) Robert G Edwards — for the advance of in vitro fertilization.

Readership: Biologists, biochemists and clinical scientists.

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Additional resources for Nobel Lectures in Physiology or Medicine 2006-2010

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The critical length of the duplex, in the 15--25 nt range, turns out from first principles to be optimal for achieving specific recognition without burdening the system by non-specific hybridization that would be more common with longer effector molecules (a point made many years ago by Tom Cech, in giving an introductory lecture in -1991 to a group of scientists who hoped to use antisense technology for therapeutic goals). A second challenge for the RNA interference pathway is how to ensure that no self-attack occurs that might harm the host cell; essentially there is a need to be sure that none of the cell's own essential genes are targeted by the RNAi mechanism.

Even in hindsight, going forward in either direction would have been complicated; in particular, the shortest RNAs that we had initially tested for interference in C. elegans [83] were too long to have fit into the what we now know as the RISC complex [see below], and were not of the proper structure to provide side-effect-free gene silencing response in mammalian cells. Getting into the black box required a series of keen biochemical observations. I won't go into these observations in too much detail here, as the small RNAs that mediate exogenous and endogenous genetic control in diverse biological systems are certainly worthy of their own narrative.

Dissemination of immune effector information is another feature of both classical and RNA-based immune mechanisms. For classical immunity this involves hitch-hiking with the blood circulation that permeates the body, as well as some very highly choreographed lymphocyte migration processes. For RNA-based immunity, the mechanisms of information dissemination are still being unveiled. Results demonstrating a concerted protein-based machinery that mediates dissemination of the RNAi response in C. lndd 29 411212014 1:27:28 PM I 30 Physiology or Medicine 2006 certainly exciting; understanding this machinery will be of great interest in designing and planning applications of RNAi.

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