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This e-book covers the newest advances within the technological know-how and know-how of nanostructured fabrics for lithium-ion software. With contributions from popular scientists and technologists, the chapters speak about cutting-edge learn on nanostructured anode and cathode fabrics, a few already utilized in advertisement batteries and others nonetheless in improvement. They comprise nanostructured anode fabrics according to Si, Ge, Sn, and different metals and steel oxides including cathode fabrics of olivine, the hexagonal and spinel crystal structures.
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Example text
15% capacity fade per cycle observed. 2 Amorphous silicon–metal core-shell A more common strategy to achieve core-shell structures is to deposit a film of a-Si onto metallic NWs or nanofibers. 112,113 In the case of the C–Si core-shell nanofiber structures (Fig. 32), the amorphous CNF cores displayed a reversible capacity of ~280 mAh/g, much smaller than the capacity for lithiation of crystalline Si. 31 (a) TEM image of as-grown core-shell NW, with c-Si core and a-Si shell. SAED of the core shows it consists of c-Si.
85,86 These results suggest 27 28 Silicon Nanowire Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Battery Negative Electrodes that the rate-limiting step during the lithiation of crystalline Si nanostructures is actually the reaction of crystalline Si to form LixSi at the LixSi/Si interface, not diffusion of Li through the LixSi shell. Above some critical size, however, the diffusive transport of Li atoms through the shell is expected to become the rate-limiting step. Finally, we note that the preceding discussion on expansion anisotropy has focused on the lithiation of crystalline Si nanostructures.
B) SEM image of electrodes before cycling and (c) after 200 cycles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 109. Copyright 2012, Nature Publishing Group. Surface Chemistry and Solid Electrolyte Interphase of SiNWs 43 44 Silicon Nanowire Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Battery Negative Electrodes 6000 cycles. Since the Si nanotubes with SiOx layer demonstrated stable cycling whereas Si nanotubes without the SiOx layer only retained about 50% of the initial capacity after 400 cycles,109 this indicates that good long-term cycling is a direct result of the stable SEI that forms on these structures.