By Rodney A. Rhoades PhD, David R. Bell PhD
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Extra resources for Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine
Example text
Depending on the isoform of the G protein associated with the receptor, either the a or the bg subunit may stimulate PLC. Stimulation of PLC results in the hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipid PIP2 into DAG and IP3. Both DAG and IP3 serve as second messengers in the cell (Fig. 15). In its second messenger role, DAG accumulates in the plasma membrane and activates the membrane-bound calcium- and lipid-sensitive enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). When activated, this enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of specific proteins, including other enzymes and transcription factors, in the cell to produce appropriate physiologic effects such as cell proliferation.
The binding of the activated hormone–receptor complex to chromatin results in alterations in RNA polymerase activity that lead to either increased or decreased transcription of specific portions of the genome. As a result, mRNA is produced, leading to the production of new cellular proteins or changes in the rates of synthesis of preexisting proteins. Steroid hormone receptors are also known to undergo phosphorylation/dephosphorylation reactions. indd 15 area of active research. 13 is generally applicable to all steroid hormones.
Second, the ability to diffuse across membranes for some ROS, such as O2- , is restricted, and this restriction can be circumvented by using ion channels to move between the outside and inside of the cell or organelles. Third is the presence of cellular antioxidant enzymes, which have a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. Examples of these antioxidants include SOD and catalase, which reduce O2- to water and oxygen. , stroke and heart attack), and in neurologic diseases, such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig disease).