By Jose A. Najera, M. Zaim, World Health Organization
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Extra info for Malaria Vector Control: Insecticides for Indoor Residual Spraying
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Only with pyrethroids is there a wider possibility of dosage adjustment, due to their considerably larger safety margin. 3 Erosion of nozzle tips Different insecticides, and particularly different formulations, differ considerably in their effect on nozzle tips. The formulation of wettable powders usually requires the addition of inert mineral materials, which may be highly abrasive. Abrasion of nozzle tips introduces an added complication to spraying operations, since it may greatly increase, even double, the output of a pump, as well as producing uneven distribution of the insecticide on the sprayed surfaces.
Sustainability It is often difficult, if not impossible, to predict sustainability. g. when long-term operations depend on external funds, or when local populations do not appreciate the programme's usefulness. The sustainability of malaria control requires continuous 49 political support and commitment to the programme. It also needs the participation of the community or, at least, an acceptance by the community of the intervention. In order to achieve sustainability there must be adequate financial and human resources, with the capacity to determine when and where operations are needed and how achievements are to be maintained.
They should understand how to recognize the symptoms of contamination and monitor their group for any signs of poisoning. It is particularly important to choose the least toxic insecticide for use in very hot and humid climates. This is because, in such conditions, spraymen are more likely to avoid using uncomfortable protective devices when not under direct supervision. 3 Measurement of exposure In studies measuring dermal and respiratory exposure (using a standard WHO protocol), in nearly all situations both dermal exposure to insecticide and the resulting 22 absorption were much greater than respiratory exposure to insecticide and the resulting absorption (8).