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[Magazine] Scientific American. Vol. 296. No 5

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Dying cell Dividing cell Precancerous Low aneuploidy heterogeneous karyotypes of cancer cells, especially the most malignant ones, with the technology available at the time. In the absence of consistent chromosomal changes, the bewildering cancer karyotypes were interpreted as mere consequences of malignancy, which must itself be caused by another unseen factor. All along, however, some evidence that was largely ignored continued to support an important role for aneuploidy in the genesis and progression of cancer.

56 Effects and Causes ou r s t r a t e g y was to collect and analyze the features of carcinogenesis that are most inconsistent with the prevailing gene mutation theory— by looking at the exceptions to the current rule, we hoped to find a better rule. In the end, we identified six features of cancer that are inexplicable by gene mutation alone but that can be explained by chromosomal changes, and a coherent theory did emerge. Cancer risk grows with age. Lamentably common, cancer afflicts about one in three people at some point in their lives, but mostly after the age of 50, which is when chances for malignancy soar.

When not exploring other worlds, Atreya likes to go hiking in the mountains and cycling. He expresses his gratitude to Chloé Atreya, Wesley Huntress, Paul Mahaffy, Inge ten Kate, Henry Pollack and Elena Adams for discussions and comments on the drafts of this article. UPPER ATMOSPHERE METHANE CYCLE ATMOSPHERE Methane clouds Evaporation Precipitation Methane lake Huygens probe SURFACE ICE UNDERGROUND OCEAN ICE ROCKY CORE SCIENTIFIC A MERIC A N M AY 2 0 07 COPYRIGHT 2007 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

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