By R. N. Yong, Frank C. Townsend
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Extra info for Laboratory Shear Strength of Soil-STP 740
Example text
Draining strips of filter paper placed on the lateral surface help speed the radial flow of water during consolidation and decrease the pore pressure gradients. Threads of wool along the axis of the specimen have also been used for the same purpose. The axial deformation of the specimen is measured directly by monitoring the movement of the end plates or that of the piston which is in solid contact with them. The lateral deformation is irregular due to bulging and can be measured by placing extensometers or transducers inside the cell [18].
The assumption of Bjerrum and Landva [//] is thus inadmissible for a circular specimen with free lateral surfaces subjected to simple shear. If circular cross sections are to remain circular, their spirally reinforced membrane would have to apply a pattern of normal tensions and compressions varying with depth and with the angle of rotation 6 around the origin. Physically this is beyond the capability of any flexible membrane or rigid circular outside stack of rings. Lucks et al [37] studied the stress conditions in the NGI apparatus using finite elements.
The selection of loading rate is of considerable practical importance as the time to perform a test is directly related to cost. Bishop and Henkel [18] propose that in drained tests 95 percent pore pressure dissipation will occur if 20H2 ^'~ «C where r , = time to failure, H — '/2 the specimen height, Cy — coefficient of consolidation, and M = a drainage boundary condition. In the case of undrained tests, it has been found [84] that for contractive soils, in the extreme, creep leads to failure without an increase in strength and thus modulus values as well as strength are low.