By edited by Ravinder K. Kohli ... [et al.].
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Example text
Because of its high affinity for adsorbing organic compounds, activated carbon is often used to test allelopathy. Ridenour and Callaway (2001) used activated carbon to test whether the noxious weed C. maculosa used novel weapons (allelopathy) to hinder the growth of the native bunchgrass, F. idahoensis. 4), implying that Centaurea uses biochemicals to gain competitive advantage. Another activated carbon study demonstrated the use of allelopathy by C. diffusa, which had stronger negative effects on North American species than Eurasian species (Callaway and Aschehoug 2000).
4 Site..................................................................................................... 5 Disturbance........................................................................................ 6 Competition ....................................................................................... 7 Spread................................................................................................ 8 Adaptation .........................................................................................
Exotic herbivores can reduce competition by native plants with the exotic plants. In a metaanalysis of 63 manipulative field studies, Parker et al. (2006) observed that grazing by exotic herbivores allowed for 52% greater abundance of exotic plants in native communities. They also observed that grazing by exotic herbivores led to an increase in exotic plant species richness, which they attributed to a reduction in the abundance of native species (Parker et al. 2006). An invasion meltdown of this sort requires that the invasive plants be preceded by generalist herbivores.