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How Scientists Think: 21 Experiments by George B. Johnson

By George B. Johnson

This concise, illustrated e-book expands at the experiments provided usually biology, genetics, or molecular biology texts. It deals discussions of 1 vintage genetics or molecular biology test in every one of 21 chapters.

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Extra resources for How Scientists Think: 21 Experiments

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One of the viruses that attacks the bacterium Escherichia coli is the bacteriophage T2. It contains only protein and DNA; the DNA forms the central core of the virus, while the protein surrounds the core like a coat. Phages infect bacteria by adsorbing to the cell walls and injecting the genetic material into the bacteria. This material causes the production of many new viruses within the cell. Eventually the cell is ruptured (lysed), and the new viruses are released. The chemical make-up of protein and of DNA is quite different.

They chose T4 because some of its genes are transcribed into mRNA early in infection, while others are transcribed later. Are “early” and “late” genes read from the same strand? Jayaraman and Goldberg separated the T4 DNA into heavy and light strands, and challenged each separately with “early” mRNA and “late” mRNA. They added a DNA endonculease that degraded single-stranded DNA, so that any DNA not bound by the mRNA was degraded. , if “early” mRNA bound light DNA, then in this combination viable early-gene DNA would survive).

By allowing the mixture to cool, the DNA strand rewound (reannealed) and incorporated the poly-UG RNA into the reassembly. The material was then centrifuged on a CsCl gradient. DNA-RNA hybrids are denser than DNA-DNA hybrids (RNA nucleotides have an extra oxygen atom in their ribose sugars and are heavier), so that the cytosine-rich T7 DNA strand with bound poly-UG was denser than the other T7 DNA strand, which binds far less RNA. In this fashion the two T7 DNA strands were separated as two distinct bands on the CsCl gradient.

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