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Additional resources for A Geography of Case Semantics: The Czech Dative and the Russian Instrumental (Cognitive Linguistic Research)
Example text
It is the result of an operation on the scope of the dative, which ranges from a mere potential as an independent participant in schema 1 to the maximally external scope of the sphere of control in 2. Both schemas have local subnetworks of syntagmatic variants, which together account for all of the dative's uses. Other types of syntactic variants also exist, but since they have little relevance for either the shape of schemas or the meaning of the dative, they will not be treated separately. Such syntactic variants are to be found in participial clauses, which for our purposes will be treated no differently than the finite verb phrases from which they are derived.
Vas Kdo za who-NOM If the dative referentis not the possessor of the directobject,it is possible for a "taking" verb to indicate benefitto the dative referent, and in such cases pro is admissible, as in (30). (30) a. Ja jsem ti z knihovny I-NOM am-AUX you-DAT from library-GEN wim who-NOM for prodal to auto? sold that car-ACC you-GEN prodal to auto? ' (32b) implies that the referent of you is the seller rather than the buyer, and that who is you's agent. Dative objects of verbs of communication, such as lid "say" and psdt "write" also resist replacement by a prepositional phrase; and this is true for all 60 61 of the dative-governing verbs.
Verbs of communication, as well as the near-synonyms of ddt, poslat and prodat, are subject to this rule, and all of these verbs are distinguished from ddt on the basis of this criterion. a. b. a. b. Ludmila mu rekla, ze Ludmila-NOM jit dornu. to-go home him-DAT said that that wants to-go a. Takova holka by prodala Such girl-NOM would d'dblovi. sell svojimatku (37) a. ' kytku. ' home It is the optionalnature of the dative in (34), (35) and (36)75 which has earned it the appellation "free dative",76 because it acts as a free modifier that entersinto a relationship with the sentence as a whole.