By Arnold Grubenmann Hans Mollet
Many chemicals or compounds - natural or inorganic, man-made or natural - aren't utilized in their natural shape. to ensure that the lively factor to be most efficient or to procure the fitting supply shape for the marketplace, the particular synthesis and purification steps are by means of formula to offer finish items that diversity from powders, agglomerates, and granules to suspensions, emulsions, microemulsions, microcapsules, immediate arrangements, liposomes, and tablets.Formulation combines colloid and floor chemistry with chemical approach engineering; occasionally it includes an easy blending operation, occasionally it calls for a whole sequence of particularly complex engineering techniques equivalent to comminution, dispersion, emulsification, agglomeration or drying.This ebook covers simple physico-chemical idea in addition to its purposes within the chemical for the creation of prescription drugs, agrochemicals, pigments and dyes, foodstuff, detergents, cosmetics and plenty of different items; it additionally offers chemists and chemical engineers with the required useful instruments for the certainty of the constitution/ job courting.
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Additional resources for Formulation Technology: Emulsions, Suspensions, Solid Forms
Example text
The lamellar and the hexagonal phase are considered to be the most important liquid-crystalline phases. 43a); the hydrocarbon chains and the water between the polar groups exist in a disordered, liquid-like state. 43b). The reverse arrangement is also possible, that is, with the polar groups pointing into the center of the cylinder and the hydrocarbon chains directed outwards. Such a phase is known as an inverted phase; the inverted micelles can take up as much as 40% water. In addition, there are also cubic phases, which can form, for example, from monoglyceride/water systems in which the hydrocarbon chain contains more than fourteen carbon atoms, and which are very viscous.
The hatched areas are multiphasic. L and L2 are microemulsions, H,: hexagonal phase, La: lamellar phase, L3-o: oil-rich sponge phase; from reference [26],p. 194. 4 Lamellar La Phases The distance between layers in lamellar phases is not constant, but can be vaned continuously by addition of a solvent from molecular dimensions up to 100 nm. Water, oil, or salt can be utilized. As is also the case for macroemulsions, there is strong electrical repulsion between the lamellar structures stretched by water uptake.
1 pm; for multilamellar liposomes, it is a few pm) and thus introduced into biological systems. When C5-Cl0 alcohols (pentanol-decanol) are added to sodium dodecyl sulfate/ aqueous salt solution, the micelle phases convert into vesicle phases and then, on addition of further alcohol, into lamellar and sponge phases. The sequence when alcohol is added is thus L4 + La -+L3-w. 56 1 Colloids, Phases, Intefaces When little tenside is present, dilute, polydisperse vesicles dispersions form. The vesicles are unilamellar and vary in size between 150 8, (hexanol) and 1250 A (decanol).