By Aled Phillips
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Extra resources for Efficient design of piled foundations for low-rise housing
Sample text
4. 1 Reasons for factor of safety A factor of safety is applied for a number of reasons, including the following: to cater for variability in the strength and compressibility of the ground to cover uncertainties in the calculation method to result in pile designs where typically the total and differential settlements are within acceptable limits. Variability in the ground conditions Understanding the ground conditions is critical to establishing appropriate design parameters. Even where the stratigraphy is well-defined there will generally be variability within individual strata.
Pile spacing (m) Maximum differential settlement of piles (mm) Sagging 3–5 6–10 Hogging 3–5 3–5 As discussed in section 2, tolerance to differential settlements will vary depending on the form of construction, housing layout and materials used. The ground beams and the superstructure will provide bending and shear stiffness, which will lead to redistribution of loads on the piles. This will in practice tend to limit the potential movements of adjacent piles in relation to each other and result in lower levels of differential movements.
On the basis of this, the magnitude of acceptable differential settlements can be assessed for a given pile spacing. For typical house layouts, pile spacings will be to the order of 3–5 m, and applying the published limits for acceptable distortions will give the acceptable differential movements between piles shown in Table 3. Table 3 Acceptable differential settlements between piles, based on published limits. Pile spacing (m) Maximum differential settlement of piles (mm) Sagging 3–5 6–10 Hogging 3–5 3–5 As discussed in section 2, tolerance to differential settlements will vary depending on the form of construction, housing layout and materials used.