By Vasiliki Kassianidou, George Papasavvas
James D. Muhly is a unique pupil with a unique curiosity in historic metallurgy who has devoted a lot of his learn to Cypriot archaeology. His paintings at the metallurgy of historical Cyprus endorses the real significance of the island as a copper generating area, in addition to a pioneer within the improvement and unfold of metallurgy and metalwork within the wider jap and crucial Mediterranean quarter. This quantity includes papers from "Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy and Metalwork within the moment Millennium BC", a global convention organised in Muhly's honour via the collage of Cyprus.
Several archaeologists and archaeometallurgists from all over the world whose examine specializes in the metallurgy of this era in Cyprus and surrounding areas have been invited to take part within the convention to check and distinction the fabric tradition linked to metallurgical workshops and to debate technological matters and their cultural and archaeological contexts. a few papers are dedicated to the metallurgy and metalwork of Cyprus, featuring fabric from quite a few websites and discussing the construction and use of copper within the jap Mediterranean. Others are devoted to the Minoan and Aegean steel and the connections among Sardinia and Cyprus. relocating eastwards, from Anatolia during the Syro-palestinian coast and Jordan and south to Egypt, papers are offered that debate past due Bronze Age metallurgy in Alalakh, Ugarit, Faynan, Timna and Qantir. the quantity additionally contains papers on tin and iron.
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James D. Muhly is a extraordinary student with a different curiosity in historic metallurgy who has devoted a lot of his learn to Cypriot archaeology. His paintings at the metallurgy of historical Cyprus endorses the genuine value of the island as a copper generating quarter, in addition to a pioneer within the improvement and unfold of metallurgy and metalwork within the wider jap and imperative Mediterranean sector.
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Extra info for Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy in the Second Millennium BC: A conference in honour of James D. Muhly, Nicosia, 10th–11th October 2009
Example text
In E. Hallager and B. P. Hallager (eds) The GreekSwedish Excavations at the Agia Aikaterini Square, Kastelli, Khania. 1970–1987. Volume II: The Late Minoan IIIC Settlement, 206–214. Stockholm, Paul Åströms Förlag. Swiny, S. (1986) The Kent State University Expedition to Episkopi Phaneromeni. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 74:2. Göteborg, Paul Åströms Förlag. Swiny, S. (1997) The Early Bronze Age. In T. ) A History of Cyprus, Volume 1 [in Greek], 171–212. Nicosia, Archbishop Makarios III Foundation.
No traces of furnaces were found but explorations by the Cyprus Mines Corporation found remnants of discarded furnaces at the ‘North Hill’ of Apliki, which at the time was covered in slag heaps (Taylor 1952, 152). Most important, however, was the quantity of large blocks of a black ropy slag, said to be present in all the rooms of House A (Muhly 1989, 306–307, fig. 1; Taylor 1952, 142). Muhly (1989, 307) felt that these slags as well as the massive size of the tuyères known from the site were enough to confirm that ‘… extensive mining and smelting operations were carried out at Apliki during the 13th and 12th centuries BC’.
In other words, secondary smelting and refining processes were carried out in the coastal centres, where standardized (oxhide) ingots were produced for internal consumption and external distribution. We have always assumed that copper ores in an incompletely processed state were brought to the coastal refining sites from smaller, primary production centres. And we have long known of one site – Apliki-Karamallos – where those who produced copper may have lived. We now have a primary production centre – Politiko-Phorades – that produced copper in the form of matte before shipping it to the coastal centres.