By Alexander N Golubiatnikov, Margarita Eglit, Dewey H Hodges
This quantity is meant to assist graduate-level scholars of Continuum Mechanics turn into more adept in its purposes throughout the resolution of analytical difficulties. released as separate books — half I on concept and issues of half II delivering options to the issues — professors can also locate it really invaluable in getting ready their lectures and examinations. half I encompasses a short theoretical remedy for every of the main parts of Continuum Mechanics (fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, elastic and inelastic solids, electrical energy, dimensional research, and so on), in addition to the references for additional studying. the majority of half II includes approximately a thousand solved difficulties. The publication contains bibliographical references and index.
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However, the stress component from the network B decreases with time; the network B represents molecular interactions from ionic clusters and intermolecular polymer chains. This result indicates that the interactions become weak with time because of change of microstructure of the ionomer by altering size and shape of the hydrophilic domains and the rearrangement and sliding of backbone chains. 38 Figure 3 Comparison of FEM results with experimental results of creep response for Nafion N111 membrane with respect to applied stresses at room temperature and 50% RH Figure 4 Comparison of FEM results with experimental results of creep response for Nafion N111 membrane with respect to applied stresses at room temperature and different RH values Figure 5 Evolution of true stress components during creep for membrane at 25°C and 50%RH 39 The relaxation behavior of membranes under fuel cell operating condition is important to determine the design parameters such as hydration/temperature range, clamping pressure and the appropriate selection of seal materials.
EXPERIMENTAL Stress and strain data from uniaxial tensile tests were measured in controlled humidity and temperature environments. The chamber was mounted on an MTS Tytron servo-mechanical test frame as can be seen in ® Figure 1a. All creep and relaxation experiments have been conducted on dispersion-cast Nafion NR111 in the acid form. Approximately, the samples with gauge length of 30 mm and width of 6 mm were cut by sharp scalpels or roller blades. All the samples were given a sufficient time in the chamber that is required for membrane to reach equilibrium with the desired environmental conditions of temperature and relative humidity before the tests.
At high strains, the aggregates within the bundles are aligned due to sliding or disentangling of the aggregates from each other. Relationship between birefringence and mechanical properties in relaxation experiments also indicated that the stress relaxed much faster than the birefringence at small strains[11]. The authors conjectured that the fast elastic response is caused by the electro-static interaction between the aggregates and is strongly influenced by the nature of the counter-ion. Based on the hypothetical deformation mechanism of Nafion® above, an one-dimensional rheological representation of the model is proposed, as shown in Figure 2.