By Anton Powell, Paul Cartledge
This assortment, first released in 1989, investigates features of the Spartan polity which have frequently been missed or underestimated. considered no less than until eventually the Renaissance because the epitome of classical virtues, Sparta has within the final centuries suffered a swift decline in popularity between liberal-minded students, repelled through the various repressive measures hired by means of this remarkably winning city-state, which for hundreds of years ruled mainland Greece.
Recent reviews have emphasized everlasting difficulties which beset Sparta: the small dimension of her citizen physique, the tensions among noble Spartiates and commoners, the ambiguous position of girls, and, in fact, the helots. Classical Sparta: strategies at the back of Her good fortune seeks to give this exciting polis via exploring how its perennial problems have been, for therefore lengthy, ingeniously conquer. particularly, the essays during this quantity tackle themselves to generally ideological matters, demonstrating how skilful propaganda and deception contributed considerably to the durability of the Spartan kingdom.
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A Further Note on Joking Relationships', Africa l 9 ( 1949), pp. 133-40 and esp. E. Moreau, 'Joking Relationships in Tanganyika', Africa 14 {1944), pp. 386-400. 21. Plut. lyc. 3. On the Spartan contests and love of victory, see also ibid. 8-9; cf. Xen. Lac. Pol. 2; Plat. Rtp. 5470; 548C; see also Michell (above, n. 13), pp. 174--5; 190-3; A. Brelich, Paidts t Parthtnoi I (Rome, 1969), pp. 121-3, 155, 182, 192-3. 22. er. Plat. Protag. 342 D-E. The preceding passage contains certain remarks on the Spartans' love of wisdom which are partially sarcastic, but the sarcasm does not seem to have extended to the statement on the Spartans' excellence in prompt, brief and surprising ripostes, which is advanced in the specified passage as proof of the previous remarks and therefore expected to be commonly accepted by the readers.
42 and 44. 55. See Hesych. v. ox(a'. Cf. R. Janko, Aristotle on comedy (London, 1984), p. 31, n. 2. 56. Cf. Devereux (above, n. 36) w~o points to the Spartans' extreme suspicion of helots' attempts to imitate the Spartan code of behaviour. If the symbolic meaning of stealing food was the appropriation of the vitality of the strong, as Den Boer maintains (above, n. 53), p. 262, the symbolic beating of the helots for imitating such an action becomes all the more intelligible (although the imitation was imposed on them).
3. 87. g. Thuc. 86. 2-3; Plut. Lye. 5; 19-20; Mor. 208C (3); 215E (7); F (9}; 216A (15); 217D (5}; 223F (12}; 232D (I}; E (2); 2338 (19). For an additional illustration of the Spartans• gregarious behaviour, this time under the contagious influence of weeping, note their reaction to the news of Archidamus• victory over the Arcadians and Argives (with no casualties at all on the Spartan side) in the socallcd 'Tearless Battle• (368 BC), which ironically turned out to be a tearful one; for, on receiving the news, Agesilaus, the gerontes and the ephors arc reported to have shed tears ofjoy and to have infected all the public with their weeping.